Dense prediction tasks such as segmentation and detection of pathological entities hold crucial clinical value in the digital pathology workflow. However, obtaining dense annotations on large cohorts is usually tedious and expensive. Contrastive learning (CL) is thus often employed to leverage large volumes of unlabeled data to pre-train the backbone network. To boost CL for dense prediction, some studies have proposed variations of dense matching objectives in pre-training. However, our analysis shows that employing existing dense matching strategies on histopathology images enforces invariance among incorrect pairs of dense features and, thus, is imprecise. To address this, we propose a precise location-based matching mechanism that utilizes the overlapping information between geometric transformations to precisely match regions in two augmentations. Extensive experiments on two pretraining datasets (TCGA-BRCA, NCT-CRC-HE) and three downstream datasets (GlaS, CRAG, BCSS) highlight the superiority of our method in semantic and instance segmentation tasks. Our method outperforms previous dense matching methods by up to 7.2 % in average precision for detection and 5.6 % in average precision for instance segmentation tasks. Additionally, by using our matching mechanism in the three popular contrastive learning frameworks, MoCo-v2, VICRegL and ConCL, the average precision in detection is improved by 0.7 % to 5.2 % and the average precision in segmentation is improved by 0.7 % to 4.0 %, demonstrating its generalizability.

深度学习方法为多级医学图像细分实现了令人印象深刻的表现。但是，它们的编码不同类别（例如遏制和排除）之间拓扑相互作用的能力受到限制。这些约束自然出现在生物医学图像中，对于提高分割质量至关重要。在本文中，我们介绍了一个新型的拓扑交互模块，将拓扑相互作用编码为深神经网络。该实施完全基于卷积，因此非常有效。这使我们有能力将约束结合到端到端培训中，并丰富神经网络的功能表示。该方法的功效在不同类型的相互作用上得到了验证。我们还证明了该方法在2D和3D设置以及跨越CT和超声之类的不同模式中的专有和公共挑战数据集上的普遍性。代码可在以下网址找到：https：//github.com/topoxlab/topointeraction

组织病理学全幻灯片图像（WSIS）在临床研究中起着非常重要的作用，并作为许多癌症诊断的黄金标准。但是，由于其巨大尺寸，生成用于处理WSIS的自动工具是具有挑战性的。当前，为了解决这个问题，传统方法依靠多个实例学习（MIL）策略来处理贴剂级别的WSI。尽管有效，但这种方法在计算上很昂贵，因为将WSI整理成斑块需要时间，并且不探索这些瓷砖之间的空间关系。为了解决这些限制，我们提出了一个本地监督的学习框架，该框架通过探索包含的整个本地和全球信息来处理整个幻灯片。该框架将预训练的网络划分为几个模块，并使用辅助模型在本地优化每个模块。我们还引入了一个随机特征重建单元（RFR），以在训练过程中保留区分特征，并将方法的性能提高1％至3％。对三个公开可用的WSI数据集进行了广泛的实验：TCGA-NSCLC，TCGA-RCC和LKS，突出了我们方法在不同分类任务上的优越性。我们的方法的准确性优于最先进的MIL方法，而高7至10倍。此外，将其分为八个模块时，我们的方法需要端到端培训所需的GPU总内存总数的20％。我们的代码可从https://github.com/cvlab-stonybrook/local_learning_wsi获得。

数据分析方法的组合，提高计算能力和改进的传感器可以实现定量颗粒状，基于细胞的分析。我们描述了与组织解释和调查AI方法有关的丰富应用挑战集，目前用于应对这些挑战。我们专注于一类针对性的人体组织分析 - 组织病理学 - 旨在定量表征疾病状态，患者结果预测和治疗转向。

组织病理学仍然是各种癌症诊断的黄金标准。计算机视觉的最新进展，特别是深度学习，促进了针对各种任务的组织病理学图像的分析，包括免疫细胞检测和微卫星不稳定性分类。每个任务的最新工作通常采用鉴定的基础体系结构，这些体系结构已鉴定为图像分类。开发组织病理学分类器的标准方法倾向于将重点放在优化单个任务的模型上，而不是考虑建模创新的各个方面，从而改善了跨任务的概括。在这里，我们提出了Champkit（模型预测工具包的全面组织病理学评估）：可扩展的，完全可重现的基准测试工具包，由大量的斑点级图像分类任务组成，跨不同的癌症。 Champkit能够系统地记录模型和方法中提议改进的性能影响的一种方法。 Champkit源代码和数据可在https://github.com/kaczmarj/champkit上自由访问。

虽然我们注意临床自然语言处理（NLP）的最新进展，但我们可以注意到临床和翻译研究界的一些抵抗，因为透明度，可解释性和可用性有限，采用NLP模型。在这项研究中，我们提出了一种开放的自然语言处理开发框架。我们通过实施NLP算法为国家Covid队列协作（N3C）进行了评估。基于Covid-19相关临床笔记的信息提取的利益，我们的工作包括1）使用Covid-19标志和症状作为用例的开放数据注释过程，2）一个社区驱动的规则集合平台，3）合成文本数据生成工作流程，用于生成信息提取任务的文本而不涉及人为受试者。 Corpora来自来自三个不同机构的文本（Mayo Clinic，肯塔基州大学，明尼苏达大学）。用单个机构（Mayo）规则集进行了金标准注释。这导致了0.876,0.706和0.694的F-Scors分别用于Mayo，Minnesota和肯塔基测试数据集。作为N3C NLP子群体的联盟努力的研究表明，创建联邦NLP算法开发和基准测试平台的可行性，以增强多机构临床NLP研究和采用。虽然我们在这项工作中使用Covid-19作为用例，但我们的框架足以适用于临床NLP的其他兴趣领域。

The proliferation of automatic faithfulness metrics for summarization has produced a need for benchmarks to evaluate them. While existing benchmarks measure the correlation with human judgements of faithfulness on model-generated summaries, they are insufficient for diagnosing whether metrics are: 1) consistent, i.e., decrease as errors are introduced into a summary, 2) effective on human-written texts, and 3) sensitive to different error types (as summaries can contain multiple errors). To address these needs, we present a benchmark of unfaithful minimal pairs (BUMP), a dataset of 889 human-written, minimally different summary pairs, where a single error (from an ontology of 7 types) is introduced to a summary from the CNN/DailyMail dataset to produce an unfaithful summary. We find BUMP complements existing benchmarks in a number of ways: 1) the summaries in BUMP are harder to discriminate and less probable under SOTA summarization models, 2) BUMP enables measuring the consistency of metrics, and reveals that the most discriminative metrics tend not to be the most consistent, 3) BUMP enables the measurement of metrics' performance on individual error types and highlights areas of weakness for future work.

Recent advances in safety-critical risk-aware control are predicated on apriori knowledge of the disturbances a system might face. This paper proposes a method to efficiently learn these disturbances online, in a risk-aware context. First, we introduce the concept of a Surface-at-Risk, a risk measure for stochastic processes that extends Value-at-Risk -- a commonly utilized risk measure in the risk-aware controls community. Second, we model the norm of the state discrepancy between the model and the true system evolution as a scalar-valued stochastic process and determine an upper bound to its Surface-at-Risk via Gaussian Process Regression. Third, we provide theoretical results on the accuracy of our fitted surface subject to mild assumptions that are verifiable with respect to the data sets collected during system operation. Finally, we experimentally verify our procedure by augmenting a drone's controller and highlight performance increases achieved via our risk-aware approach after collecting less than a minute of operating data.

Importance: Social determinants of health (SDOH) are known to be associated with increased risk of suicidal behaviors, but few studies utilized SDOH from unstructured electronic health record (EHR) notes. Objective: To investigate associations between suicide and recent SDOH, identified using structured and unstructured data. Design: Nested case-control study. Setting: EHR data from the US Veterans Health Administration (VHA). Participants: 6,122,785 Veterans who received care in the US VHA between October 1, 2010, and September 30, 2015. Exposures: Occurrence of SDOH over a maximum span of two years compared with no occurrence of SDOH. Main Outcomes and Measures: Cases of suicide deaths were matched with 4 controls on birth year, cohort entry date, sex, and duration of follow-up. We developed an NLP system to extract SDOH from unstructured notes. Structured data, NLP on unstructured data, and combining them yielded seven, eight and nine SDOH respectively. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using conditional logistic regression. Results: In our cohort, 8,821 Veterans committed suicide during 23,725,382 person-years of follow-up (incidence rate 37.18 /100,000 person-years). Our cohort was mostly male (92.23%) and white (76.99%). Across the six common SDOH as covariates, NLP-extracted SDOH, on average, covered 84.38% of all SDOH occurrences. All SDOH, measured by structured data and NLP, were significantly associated with increased risk of suicide. The SDOH with the largest effects was legal problems (aOR=2.67, 95% CI=2.46-2.89), followed by violence (aOR=2.26, 95% CI=2.11-2.43). NLP-extracted and structured SDOH were also associated with suicide. Conclusions and Relevance: NLP-extracted SDOH were always significantly associated with increased risk of suicide among Veterans, suggesting the potential of NLP in public health studies.

Fires have destructive power when they break out and affect their surroundings on a devastatingly large scale. The best way to minimize their damage is to detect the fire as quickly as possible before it has a chance to grow. Accordingly, this work looks into the potential of AI to detect and recognize fires and reduce detection time using object detection on an image stream. Object detection has made giant leaps in speed and accuracy over the last six years, making real-time detection feasible. To our end, we collected and labeled appropriate data from several public sources, which have been used to train and evaluate several models based on the popular YOLOv4 object detector. Our focus, driven by a collaborating industrial partner, is to implement our system in an industrial warehouse setting, which is characterized by high ceilings. A drawback of traditional smoke detectors in this setup is that the smoke has to rise to a sufficient height. The AI models brought forward in this research managed to outperform these detectors by a significant amount of time, providing precious anticipation that could help to minimize the effects of fires further.